Analysis of Personal and Organizational Ethics and Values between Research Paper

Analysis of Personal and Organizational Ethics and Values between For-Profit and Not-for-Profit Organizations - Research Paper Example Various companies claim to have the best corporate environment in their respective cultures but there are several discrepancies and deviations in them. Abolishment of organizational ethics can be observed in companies and yet they claim to be the best in market. The purpose of this paper is to examine such circumstances in a profit organization- Apple Inc. and a nonprofit organization- International Red Crescent. What sort of organizational ethics play into action in these firms and how are they following the code of ethics is the essence of the paper. What kind of culture is prevailing in the decision making process- authoritative or democratic etc. Examining the current status of employees, management practices and their relationship with the ethical management theories will be illustrated. What processes the companies have applied to remain competitive in the industry and are the mission & vision matching with their respective actions etc or not. In depth analysis of both these co mpanies will be done to acquire concrete knowledge. Part 1: International Red Cross: Company Profile The International Red Cross movement is a world renowned nonprofit humanitarian movement for the welfare of human race. It has the legacy to help out human beings irrespective of any race, color or religion. The motto of this movement is to protect human lives, cure them from diseases and prevent their sufferings. This movement has been working globally having stations in almost every country of the world. The Red Cross movement has its subsidiaries working in countries by the name of National Red Cross; however the mother organization remains as International Red Cross. Red Cross joined hands with the Red Crescent movement so that humanitarian services would be expanded and an overall impact all over the globe could be made. The efforts of the merger of both these organizations gave a powerful message that humanity first. The establishment of International Red Cross and Red Crescent movement was essential as they got immense aid and their humanitarian services also spread out. This movement is highly acknowledged by the governments of the world and in the time of war, floods, earthquakes or any unpleasant circumstances; International Red Cross & Red Crescent are the front row saviors of human lives. They have well qualified doctors, physicians, rescue team and technology. Due to their enormous fame and great services, government and people whole heartedly aid this organization. The efforts laid by Red Cross are verily outstanding and commendable. Ethical Dilemma at Red Cross Every organization faces tough and hard circumstances through which it has to pass victorious. Red Cross has faced several ethical dilemmas and it occurred due to numerous reasons. The biggest issue which Red Cross has been facing is the logistics problem. Logistics and Supply chain management is a big setback in the serving efforts of the organization. The proper management and allocation process still needs to be examined. There is no doubt about the services provided by Red Cross but most of them it is observed that there process is slowed down due to delay in supplies. The supply chain management department of Red Crescent has not been so active in the years and their service has not been up to the mark (Van Wassenhove, 2005). Delays in facilitating the affected masses have been due to shortage of supplies in which the negligence of supply chain department and

Film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Film analysis - Essay Example Analysis A group theory was put forth by Schutz (1958). He looked at three dimensions of groups. The first dimension is the in-out dimension, or inclusion, and this is where the people in the group are either in the group or out of the group. The second dimension is the up-down dimension, or control, and this looks at the members of the group according to how dominant, or submissive, they are to one another. The third dimension is the close-far dimension, or affection, and this how tight the link is between the individual members (Schutz, 1958). This is the basis for examining the film, by examining how the relationships between the members of the group fit the above definitions, and how the relationships were fluid, in that the dynamics constantly changed and the how the group was defined, according to these three dimensions, changed along with it. The first dimension is the in-out dimension, and this states that some people are members of a group, while others are not. In the begin ning, there was not a group, per se, but a bunch of individuals who were thrown together on a Saturday, most against their will. However, that said, there was a bonding between the two popular kids, Andrew and Claire. They were the only two who knew one another, so, if there was the possibility of having a group that consisted of only two members, then Andrew and Claire were part of a group and everybody else was not. The film implied that the two ran in the same circle in school, as, at one point, Andrew asked Claire if she were going to a certain party. So, then, in the beginning, the â€Å"in† kids were Andrew and Claire, and the â€Å"out† kids were everybody else. This gradually changed. The first indication that maybe the kids were becoming a group was when Bender took the screw out of the door that was to remain open, and the principle came in to ask who did it. The entire group stated that they did not know who did it. This was the beginning of the formation of the group, because it was the beginning of group cohesiveness, and the beginning of the â€Å"us versus them† mentality that permeated throughout the film. This was a kind of theme in the film – that the kids, no matter how different they were from one another, still formed a cohesive whole when it came to authority, and would still cover for one another, no matter how they felt about the individual members of the group. The second major time that the kids became a group, in that all were a part of the group, and there was nobody outside the group, was when they went out into the hall to go to Bender’s locker. This was obviously something that could have gotten all of them into trouble, and Andy, at least, was not in a position to serve another Saturday detention, due to the fact that he had a meet on the following Saturday, so, at least for Andy, going out into the hall was a major risk. Presumably the other kids, with the exception of Allison, who wanted to b e there, and Bender, who had a series of other Saturday detentions lined up anyhow, also were taking a huge risk of getting another Saturday detention. Yet the kids all risked this by going out into the hall with Bender, despite the fact that none of them were needed for the task. That they all chose to do this shows that the kids were members of a group, because it shows that they were going to stick together. The going out into th

Malaysia and Ghana: Economy and history

Malaysia and Ghana: Economy and history Decolonization Malaysia and Ghana shared similar economic and historic backgrounds fifty years ago. They are both former British colonies and gained independence from the British Empire in the 1957. After gaining independence both countries began with rich resources and sturdy British political and legal institutions, as well as identical educational systems. Why their development levels diverged so much is a big question. Ghana is among the poorest nations while Malaysia is a fast developing country and part of the middle income group of nations. Why has Ghanas development experience been so different from that of Malaysia since their independence? There is usually no individual factor that can single handedly determine a countrys economic outcome. Factors such as investment in human development, mainly education, the locals entrepreneurship, diversification in the economy and the economic impact of regional countries, all contribute to a countrys economic outcome. But looking at Malaysia and Ghan a from a historical perspective, it seems the main factor in the development difference is political stability. As former colonies, Ghana and Malaysia had British political systems but soon after independence both countries political situations and environment changed considerably. At the beginning Malaysia seemed less hopeful due to internal threats such as tension amongst racial groups; however since it gained its independence in 1957, Malaysia has enjoyed great political stability. Unfortunately, the same cannot be said in the case of Ghana, coups and counter coups have been inflicted on the country since independence. The comparison with Ghana could not be harsher. Nine years after independence in 1966, the first of a series of military coups which dipped the country into two decades of instability transpired. Ghana was the first nation in black Africa to come out of colonial rule. It became independent on March 6, 1957, with Kwame Nkrumah as the first prime minister and on July 1, 1960. Ghana became a republic with Nkrumah winning the presidential election that year making him the first president of Ghana. Merediths book â€Å"the fate of Africa† shows how Ghana embarked on independence as one of the richest tropical countries in the world (26). He describes the country as â€Å"Not only was the country the worlds leading producer of cocoa with huge foreign currency reserves built up during the 50s cocoa boom but it possessed gold, timber and bauxite† (26). This shows the wealth and economic stability the country had when the British handed power over to Nkrumah. Meredith describes Nkrumah in his book as being influenced by socialist ideologies while he was a student in England (18). Shortly after taking over Nkrumah started to lean more toward socialism by calling for greater state participation in the economy. He professed himself as the president for life and his party (Peoples convention party) as the sole political party in the country. The governments greater authority over the economy led to corruption. Nkrumah wanted Ghana to play a commanding role in Africas liberation from colonialism and was a strong supporter of a united African state. A mixture of economic mismanagement, corruption and rising inflation due in part to Nkrumah being a devotee of revolutionary movements and spending a lot of Ghanas resources and money on this â€Å"Pan-African cause† (he believed he could lead Africa to the creation of a United States of Africa). This led to a draining of the countrys foreign reserve forcing him to resort to deficit financing and foreign borro wing. The severe financial burdens set off growing opposition to Nkrumah which led to him being overthrown in a coup dà ©tat in 1966. This sprung a number of coups that would burden and oppress Ghana for years to come. Ghana pushed through all types of regimes that were never able to deal successfully with the multitude of problems handed down by Nkrumahs administration. Flt. Lt. Jerry Rawlings led a coup in 1986 which resulted in the fall of the civilian government in power at the time. Rawlingss government was the eighth government in the fifteen years since the fall of Nkrumah. Berry talks about how instability impacted the economy tremendously â€Å"the short terms and the numerous changes of governments in Ghana led to various changes in policies and a total collapse of Ghanas economy (51). Finally after serving for eleven brutal years, Rawlings returned Ghana to democracy by winning an election in 1992. Malaysia on the other hand has had great political stability since independence. After gaining independence from the British many expected Malaysia to do worst that Ghana due in part to Ghanas per capita GPD being slightly higher than Malaysias (World Bank) and also due to the fact that Malaysia had severe racial tensions which were lacking in Ghana at the time. Malaysia is a multiracial country made up of three main races (Chinese, Indian expatriates and native Malays). Right from the beginning it worked hard at resolving its internal tensions by ensuring that there was a racial harmony by creating a dual system of leadership. The countrys political parties are organized along racial lines and thus, Malaysia has three major parties. Under British supervision, the three parties formed an alliance developing a working relationship that has become the symbol of Malaysian politics since. The Malays are usually very educated but poor and were assigned to handle government affairs while t he Chinese and Indians were assigned with dealing with the economy. According to Snodgrass this worked for a while until the Malays complained of not getting their share of the nations riches thus prompting the government to reevaluate this structure and establish a new development policy called National Economic Policy (NEP) (99). The NEP marked a major change in government policy and was a great turning point in the history of the country. Bruton explains how the government began to assume a more active role in the economy, acting as a trustee for Malay economic interests until the individual Malays could take over (298). This initiative allowed the economic gap between ethnic groups to diminish which contributes immensely to the political stability in Malaysia. Economic growth grew during the fourth Prime Minister Dr Mahathir Mohammed reign. He believed that growth should come first before restructuring objectives could be effectively achieved. He realized that failure to reduce economic unevenness in a diverse society like Malaysia can lead to conditions that easily and regularly hinder any economic progress achieved (Mohammed). He also realized the importance of political stability and said â€Å"political stability is really important†¦ without it there can be no economic development† (Mohammed). The BBC described him as â€Å"well qualified to talk on this subject†¦ since he held power for an unbroken 20years†. With his inherited political stability and long reign, he was able to push the country into a higher growth path through taking advantage of regional booming economies such as Japans. He created an export led industrialization route, turning the country into an export based economy and making the private s ector the driving force of economic progress. This made it easier to attract foreign investors doing business in neighboring countries who wanted in on this huge and expanding market potential. Surrounding countries high economy helped a great deal. If countries around you do well there is a high possibility that you will do well too. Creffield describes Malaysias geographical position as blessed â€Å"being vitally located in a vibrant economic region, Malaysia has gained from economic powers such as Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, and Hong Kong (Creffield, 194). This is definitely an advantage it had over Ghana. A history of instability (the frequent interference of the military in government affairs in the past and the coup mentality) has done little to help in attracting the foreign investors that the country requires to boost its economy. The former UN Secretary of General, who is also a Ghanaian expressed his concern at a UN conference on trade and development stating â€Å"the image problem is the tendency of investors to lump all African countries together as a conflict zone† (UNCTAD, 1). Most of the time investors look at the political risks of a target country as well as those of the region in which the target country is located. This has unfortunately led to investors putting the whole region into a â€Å"war torn category†. Annan mentioned the image problem because most people think conflicts exist across the whole continent investors or not; in truth conflict exist only in some African countries. This shows that, in addition to Ghanas political instabilities drifting the country into an economic disaster, its geographical position to high risk countries contributed greatly. Ghana is surrounded by the former French colonies of Cote dIvoire (Ivory Coast) to the west, Togo to the east, Burkina Faso to the north and the beautiful Ocean to the south. The absence of cooperation and the often hostile relations between the former British and French colonies during the early years after independence didnt create a fruitful investment and commercial environment for all the West African nations. The recent conflicts in high political risk countries such as Liberia, Ivory Coast and Sierra Leone undermines the regions economic performance, especially Ghanas since its had a democratic political stability for 17 years now. In addition, there is no regional economic power in western African region that could positively and greatly impact surrounding nations. For countries in the African continent to make it, there has to be an efficient way to settle regional conflicts quickly and peacefully without resort to the usual dragged on armed and brutal conflicts which definitely undermines the appeal for investors. As discussed above, Malaysias gain from its neighbors flourishing economies shows it is in the best interests of regional countries to effectively cooperate with one another to stimulate the economic development of the region and create an appealing market. According to Pill et al†¦, Malaysia has today an income 13 times that of Ghana and according to the BBC â€Å"today, Ghanaians get by on an average of about $300 per year, while Malaysians earn over $3,000. Ghana is still exporting raw products like cocoa and gold, Malaysia makes its own cars and boasts skyscrapers that rival anything in New York or London†. It talks about how â€Å"The development of one product palm oil tells part of the story† (BBC). Ghana grows and processes palm oil to make oil and cooking oil. Malaysia imported its first palm oil from Ghana. They managed to improve its cultivation process thus turning the country into the largest palm oil producer in the world and developing chemicals such as bio diesel for industries and food addictives from the raw nuts. But Malaysia has enjoyed this economic growth at the expense of given up some rights like freedom of press. DR Mohammed once said â€Å"democracy is the right to change government throug h the ballot box Freedom to destabilize the country is not something that we consider as a part of democracy. But when ask why he held power for 20years he furiously said â€Å"That, too, is democratic, because that is the will of the people. So it seems Ghana has something that Malaysia lack -real democracy and freedom of the press but many Ghanaians say â€Å"you cant eat or feed your family with democracy† you need a good economy to be able to do all that. Colonized nations fought for independence as they felt colonialists violated their right to be free. They wanted freedom to improve their human and material well being. Its been fifty two years since Ghana and Malaysia gained their independence from the British. In spite of Malaysias internal tensions being on a larger scale than Ghanas especially since theirs was across racial lines and not merely ethnic lines, they managed to overcome it and use it to their advantage after gaining independence. After Ghana gained its independence there wasnt any significant ethnic tension going on but rather numerous coups disrupted the nation and held it back from developing and enjoying economic growth. After almost forty years of being declared an independent nation, came hope in the form of democracy with the 1992 elections. And its been peaceful and democratic since. Ghana has improved its international standing and has blocked the declines of the past. Its economic reforms and stabilized soci o-political framework provide grounds for optimism about the countrys prospects for attaining sustainable development. So, there is hope for Ghana, it just needs the opportunity to trade its goods in rich country markets to enable it trade its way out of poverty. To achieve this tariffs and quotas should be cut or eliminated on Ghanaian goods by foreign importers. Subsequently, this should boost direct foreign investments in Ghana, particularly in the manufacturing sector. If Malaysia could trade its way out of poverty and into sustained economic growth, Even though Ghana might be geographically disadvantaged, it should be able to do the same. Work cited BBC. â€Å"two countries contrasting tales†. Web. 15 Nov. 2009. Creffield. D. Malaysia . 51- 194. London: Euromoney Publications, 1990. Print Bruton H. J. The Political Economy of Poverty, Equity, and Growth: Sri Lanka and Malaysia 232-298. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. Print. Pill. H et al. â€Å"Financial Liberalization in Africa and Asia.† 7-10 Finance and Development Journal, June 1997. Berry L. A Country Study: Ghana. 51. Washington D.C: US Government Printing Office, 1995. Meredith. M. a History of Fifty years of Independence: The fate of Africa. 1st ed. New York: Public affairs, 2005. Print. Mohammed. M. â€Å"Malaysia†: The Way Forward. A paper presented at the Inaugural Meeting of the Malaysian Business Council, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 1991. Snodgrass. D. R. Inequality and Economic Development in Malaysia. 99. Kuala Lumpur. Oxford University Press, 1980. Print. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Foreign Direct Investment in Africa: Performance and Potential United Nations, Washington and Geneva, 1999. World Bank, World Development Report. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998-2000.

King: The Man and the Prophet :: essays research papers

King: The Man and the Prophet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The date is August 28, 1963, and a mixed crowd of over 250,000 civil-rights supporters attending the March on Washington are assembled in the vicinity of the tallest monument in the District of Columbia, commonly known as Washington D.C. The Washington Monument is the name of the historical landmark located in the nation’s capital. Segregation has drawn a line of deep ethnical division throughout the country, and the March on Washington has been organized to urge support for pending civil-rights legislation. The crowd seems anxious, as if they have foreseen the momentous moment that is about to occur.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A powerful leader and speaker has just been introduced to the energized crowd that is full of anticipation. The man of the moment is Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and he is about to share his dream with America and the entire world. Dr. Martin Luther King’s policy of nonviolent protest is considered by many to be the dominating force behind the civil rights movement of 1957 to 1968, even though his God given destiny as a prophet is often overlooked.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Before I formed you in the womb I knew you; Before you were born I sanctified you; I ordained you a prophet to the nations† (Jer. 1.4). On January 15, 1929, Michael Luther King Jr., later named Martin, was born to schoolteacher named Alberta King and Baptist minister named Michael Luther Sr. The exceptional intelligence level of young Martin became obvious in the Fall of 1944 when he left Booker T. Washington High School before graduation due to his early admission in Atlanta’s Morehouse College program for advanced placement at the age of 15. In August of 1946, King began to exhibit his opposition to segregation with a letter that he wrote entitled Kick Up Dust. In the letter, King states that black people â€Å"are entitled to the basic rights and opportunities of American citizens† (King, 1946, 2). The letter was written to the editor of a local newspaper named the Atlanta Constitution. The editor was so impressed that he had the letter published, and King received many favorable comments. King goes on to solidify his leadership and ministry credentials by graduating from Crozer Theological Seminary with a bachelor of divinity degree and delivered the Valedictory Address at commencement. By September King began his graduate studies in Systematic Theology at Boston University. In June of 1953, King married his soul mate, Coretta Scott.

Analyse an parfume advertisement and discuss the imagery it contains

Analyse an advertisement and discuss the imagery it contains. Evaluate the success of the advertisers approach and give reasons for your opinions. How would you adapt the advertisement to make it suitable for different target audience? Explain your approach using semiotics. The purpose of advertising is to inform potential customers about products and services and how to obtain them. Every medium is used to show these advertisements, including television, radio, movies, magazines, newspapers, video games, the Internet and billboards. Semiotics is how we view advertisements all the time and notice all of the detail. Ferdinand de Saussure used his theory of signs and semiotics to explore and analyse specific adverts. We can evaluate how well adapted it is to its target audience. In 1974 Ferdinand de Saussure claimed, â€Å"Only a social group can generate signs.† In order to create imagery, the advertiser has used deep rich colour of dark blue to attract the consumer's attention to the perfume as this gives the impression of a seductive fragrance. The whole advert gives the impression of the night and this then shows lust as it is dark. The advertiser has been successful by using a dark colour as the main colour for the advert as dark colours create a sense of sexual activity in the dark. The perfume bottle, for which this advert is for, is used to create the imagery of the moon in the sky as it is shaped like a half moon. It gives the idea to the audience that the perfume is sensual as it is shining light onto the women's chest and she is posed in a sexual way with eyes closed and a hand on her neck. This imagery appeals to the consumer as it suggests that the perfume will make one become sensuous once wearing it. The words, ‘Deep Night' are used on the advert. These words are used to create an imagery of sexual activity and using the word ‘night' makes the audience think of things happening in the night for example sex. The advertiser is not very successful and this is because not many readers will look at the words and then interpret it in this way. Instead of focusing on the words, the reader then focuses on the model. The words, ‘The fragrance of love' are used on the advert. This shows this perfume is the perfume of love, and so by buying it, this perfume can bring you love. This phrase is easily interpreted by the audience and so this makes the advertisers approach successful. Also the fact that this particular perfume is love bound for the audience is showed by the advertiser using the words ‘the fragrance of love'. The model on the advert has her hand by her breasts. This reveals a lust for sex and a plea for men to buy the fragrance for their woman so they can engage in sexual activity aswell. The advertiser was successful by this approach and this is shown by the advert promoting sexual activity. The models top in the advert is very revealing to the audience and her breasts are clearly shown. The advertiser has used this revealing top to get attention by males so -this makes the male think their wife can reveal this top by them buying this perfume for their wife. The advertiser was successful in his attempt to promote sexual activity and this is proven by the models revealing top. The model on the advert has her mouth open and the advertiser shows sexual activity by this. The advertiser was successful by showing a lust for sex and this is shown by the models open mouth. By making the model have her mouth open slightly, it creates a sense of sexual activity and makes the buyer want it even more. The word, ‘ghost' is used on the advert. This creates a dark image by thinking of ghosts. When anyone thinks of ghosts they think of the night. The advertiser has done what he aimed for by using the word, ‘ghost'. The advertiser was successful by using the word, ‘ghost'; this is because a dark imagery is created by this. The audience can easily interpret ‘ghost' as it is there to put a dark atmosphere in our heads. This advertisement can be adapted to a different target audience to women who are in their mid-thirties. The women would wear a suit and to show she's a businessman which then shows control. Her breasts would only be concealed a bit to show maturity but still keep the seductiveness on a level. I would keep the colour purple because its do with passion. I would keep the models mouth slightly open to show a lust for sex still in there. I would keep the moon shaped perfume the same as it creates a dark atmosphere. In conclusion I think the advertiser has done very well to get his ideas out to the audience and this can be proven by various reasons. The advertiser has used dark colours all over the advert and used a moon as a shape for the perfume bottle. He also used different words to give the audience a dark image and these words make them want to buy this fragrance. The advertiser uses the model to create a sexy image in the advert and this is done by short tops and her mouth being open slightly.

Cow

Cattle (colloquially cows) are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and are most commonly classified collectively as Bos primigenius. Cattle are raised as livestock for meat (beef and veal), as dairy animals for milk and other dairy products, and as draft animals (oxen or bullocks) (pulling carts, plows and the like). Other products include leather and dung for manure or fuel. In some countries, such as India, cattle are sacred.From as few as 80 progenitors domesticated in southeast Turkey about 10,500 years ago,[2] an estimated 1. 3 billion cattle are in the world today. [3] In 2009, cattle became the first livestock animal to have a fully mapped genome. [4] SpeciesMain article: Bovini Cattle were originally identified as three separate species: Bos taurus, the European or â€Å"taurine† cattle (including similar types from Africa and Asia); Bos indi cus, the zebu; and the extinct Bos primigenius, the aurochs. The aurochs is ancestral to both zebu and taurine cattle.Recently, these three have increasingly been grouped as one species, with Bos primigenius taurus, Bos primigenius indicus and Bos primigenius primigenius as the subspecies. [5] Zubron, a cross between wisent and cattleComplicating the matter is the ability of cattle to interbreed with other closely related species. Hybrid individuals and even breeds exist, not only between taurine cattle and zebu (such as the sanga cattle, Bos taurus africanus), but also between one or both of these and some other members of the genus Bos – yaks (the dzo or yattle[6]), banteng, and gaur.Hybrids such as the beefalo breed can even occur between taurine cattle and either species of bison, leading some authors to consider them part of the genus Bos, as well. [7] The hybrid origin of some types may not be obvious – for example, genetic testing of the Dwarf Lulu breed, the on ly taurine-type cattle in Nepal, found them to be a mix of taurine cattle, zebu, and yak. [8] However, cattle cannot successfully be hybridized with more distantly related bovines such as water buffalo or African buffalo.The aurochs originally ranged throughout Europe, North Africa, and much of Asia. In historical times, its range became restricted to Europe, and the last known individual died in Masovia, Poland, in about 1627. [9] Breeders have attempted to recreate cattle of similar appearance to aurochs by crossing traditional types of domesticated cattle, creating the Heck cattle breed. Word origin†Cattle† did not originate as the term for bovine animals.It was borrowed from Old French catel, itself from Latin caput, head, and originally meant movable personal property, especially livestock of any kind, as opposed to real property (the land, which also included wild or small free-roaming animals such as chickens — they were sold as part of the land). [10] The word is closely related to â€Å"chattel† (a unit of personal property) and â€Å"capital† in the economic sense. [11][12] The term replaced earlier Old English feoh â€Å"cattle, property† (cf. German: Vieh, Gothic: faihu). The word â€Å"cow† came via Anglo-Saxon cu (plural c? ), from Common Indo-European g? ous (genitive g? wes) = â€Å"a bovine animal†, compare Persian gav, Sanskrit go, Welsh buwch. [citation needed] The genitive plural of cu is c? na, which gave the now archaic English plural of â€Å"kine†. The Scots language singular is coo or cou, and the plural is â€Å"kye†. In older English sources such as the King James Version of the Bible, â€Å"cattle† refers to livestock, as opposed to â€Å"deer† which refers to wildlife. â€Å"Wild cattle† may refer to feral cattle or to undomesticated species of the genus Bos. Today, when used without any other qualifier, the modern meaning of â€Å"cattle† is usually restricted to domesticated bovines. citation needed] Terminology Look up cattle or cow in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A Hereford bullIn general, the same words are used in different parts of the world, but with minor differences in the definitions. The terminology described here contrasts the differences in definition between the United Kingdom and other British-influenced parts of world such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, and the United States. [13] An â€Å"intact† (i. e. , not castrated) adult male is called a bull. A wild, young, unmarked bull is known as a â€Å"micky† in Australia. 14] An unbranded bovine of either sex is called a â€Å"maverick† in the USA and Canada. An adult female that has had a calf (or two, depending on regional usage) is a cow. A young female before she has had a calf of her own[15] and is under three years of age is called a heifer ( /? h? f? r/ HEF-? r). [16] A young female that has had only one cal f is occasionally called a first-calf heifer. Young cattle of both sexes are called calves until they are weaned, then weaners until they are a year old in some areas; in other areas, particularly with male beef cattle, they may be known as feeder calves or simply feeders.After that, they are referred to as yearlings or stirks[17] if between one and two years of age. [18] A castrated male is called a steer in the United States; older steers are often called bullocks in other parts of the world,[19] but in North America this term refers to a young bull. Piker bullocks are micky bulls that were caught, castrated and then later lost. [14] In Australia, the term â€Å"Japanese ox† is used for grain-fed steers in the weight range of 500 to 650 kg that are destined for the Japanese meat trade. [20] In North America, draft cattle under four years old are called working steers.Improper or late castration on a bull results in it becoming a coarse steer known as a stag in Australia, Ca nada and New Zealand. [21] In some countries, an incompletely castrated male is known also as a rig. A castrated male (occasionally a female or in some areas a bull) kept for draft purposes is called an ox (plural oxen); â€Å"ox† may also be used to refer to some carcass products from any adult cattle, such as ox-hide, ox-blood, oxtail, or ox-liver. [16] A springer is a cow or heifer close to calving. [22] In all cattle species, a female twin of a bull usually becomes an infertile partial intersex, and is a freemartin.Neat (horned oxen, from which neatsfoot oil is derived), beef (young ox) and beefing (young animal fit for slaughtering) are obsolete terms, although poll, pollard or polled cattle are still terms in use for naturally hornless animals, or in some areas also for those that have been disbudded. Cattle raised for human consumption are called beef cattle. Within the beef cattle industry in parts of the United States, the older term beef (plural beeves) is still use d to refer to an animal of either sex. Some Australian, Canadian, New Zealand and British people use the term beast, especially for single animals when the sex is unknown. 23] Cattle of certain breeds bred specifically for milk production are called milking or dairy cattle;[13] a cow kept to provide milk for one family may be called a house cow or milker. The adjective applying to cattle in general is usually bovine. The terms â€Å"bull†, â€Å"cow† and â€Å"calf† are also used by extension to denote the sex or age of other large animals, including whales, hippopotamuses, camels, elk and elephants See also: List of animal names Singular terminology issue A herd of CattleCattle can only be used in the plural and not in the singular: it is a plurale tantum. 24] Thus one may refer to â€Å"three cattle† or â€Å"some cattle†, but not â€Å"one cattle†. No universally used singular form in modern English of â€Å"cattle† exists, other t han the sex- and age-specific terms such as cow, bull, steer and heifer. Historically, â€Å"ox† was not a sex-specific term for adult cattle, but generally this is now used only for draft cattle, especially adult castrated males. The term is also incorporated into the names of other species, such as the musk ox and â€Å"grunting ox† (yak), and is used in some areas to describe certain cattle products such as ox-hide and oxtail. 25] A Brahman calf†Cow† is in general use as a singular for the collective â€Å"cattle†, despite the objections by those who insist it to be a female-specific term. Although the phrase â€Å"that cow is a bull† is absurd from a lexicographic standpoint, the word â€Å"cow† is easy to use when a singular is needed and the sex is unknown or irrelevant – when â€Å"there is a cow in the road†, for example. Further, any herd of fully mature cattle in or near a pasture is statistically likely to consi st mostly of cows, so the term is probably accurate even in the restrictive sense.Other than the few bulls needed for breeding, the vast majority of male cattle are castrated as calves and slaughtered for meat before the age of three years. Thus, in a pastured herd, any calves or herd bulls usually are clearly distinguishable from the cows due to distinctively different sizes and clear anatomical differences. Merriam-Webster, a US dictionary, recognizes the sex-nonspecific use of â€Å"cow† as an alternate definition,[26] whereas Collins, a UK dictionary, does not. [27]Colloquially, more general nonspecific terms may denote cattle when a singular form is needed. Australian, New Zealand and British farmers use the term â€Å"beast† or â€Å"cattle beast†. â€Å"Bovine† is also used in Britain. The term â€Å"critter† is common in the western United States and Canada, particularly when referring to young cattle. [28] In some areas of the American Sou th (particularly the Appalachian region), where both dairy and beef cattle are present, an individual animal was once called a â€Å"beef critter†, though that term is becoming archaic.